Hospitality Report for Environmental and Resource Economics

Question: Examine about theHospitality Reportfor Environmental and Resource Economics. Answer: The travel industry has been tested with various administrative prerequisites for the activity of a business in the business. There has been various liberization endeavors in the business to evacuate the majority of the administrative necessities, for example, advertise combination, Free Trade understanding and the and the Paci?cs ASEAN Free Trade Area . There has been various little and bigger organizations in the travel industry who have upheld for more noteworthy backing in the travel industry which will help advance maintainability in the travel industry. The representatives in the travel industry have been compelled to hold fast to the guidelines and guidelines set in the business. They have been compelled to go along of they face shut down. The primary areas of the travel industry that face the difficulties includes; transportation, visit administrators, settlement and trip specialists (Dewhurst,2003). The administrative prerequisites set by the legislature to oversee the travel industry include the accompanying; obtaining of exchanging endorsement that will permit the business to direct its business, enrollment authentication for the organization. The organization needs to enlist itself as an organization as per the organization demonstration required by each organization. Notwithstanding the exchanging and authentication of enrollment, the organization ought to likewise go along to the wellbeing and wellbeing principles in the business condition. The organization will likewise consent to the natural prerequisites of dealing with the earth and arrangement of work to the neighborhood networks. This can be accomplished through the including the neighborhood networks in the turn of events, the board, upgrade, the executives and protection of the considerable number of assets utilized for the travel industry extends particularly ecological and social assets. Another administrative nec essity that should be trailed by the organizations in the travel industry would include the execution of ecological and quality guidelines that are settled upon by the applicable universal associations and bodies for the various ventures of the travel industry (Quiros,2007). The organizations in the travel industry ventures are required to apportion their incomes to the anticipation of any corruption of the accessible assets in the earth in which the business is working in to have the option to satisfy the needs of the travel industry benefits later on. Administrative necessities including the security of condition has been underscored by the legislature. Condition security approaches are set up to ensure the characteristic assets that encompass the earth. The administration has in this manner presented new social and ecological hindrances that influence the creation strategies in the travel industry. The administration should control the idea of the items the organization imports or fares to other remote nations through the ecological and social measures to be initiated. The majority of the accentuation has been put on the advancement of the green gauges which is the security of the earth through manageability. Furthermore, there has been an enactment that controls the travel industry exercises which incorporated the 2006 Australia shores Act which restricted any development close to shorelines and structures without appropriate arranging consent were wrecked (Dobson,2006).In 2003, a comparable enactment was passed to direct the qu antity of voyagers suited in the lodgings. As indicated by Potts,(2010) Regulations are difficult to follow particularly in the inn business since it's anything but a solitary substance however has various exercises led in the business. In regard to the guidelines in the association each worker in the lodging business ought to be capable. In light of the authorizing and exchanging necessities the supervisors ought to be considered mindful and on different guidelines including the condition the representatives of the association ought to cling to the set-up guidelines. The business can accept accountability for consistence without anyone else guideline. This strategy permits organizations to utilize rehearses that are ecological well disposed to have the option to increment upper hand. Additionally, the organization should utilize willful principles to stick to the guidelines and guidelines. The organization should set up measures that it will protect itself in following the set guidelines and guidelines. The administration ou ght to likewise include the organizations in setting up the guidelines so they will be considered dependable in the event that they don't go along. This will bring understanding between the legislature and the organizations in the lodging business. The legislatures will decide how the industrys self-guideline and intentional measures influences the consistence of guidelines by the organizations. The associations ought to likewise support programs that will direct and show the representatives on how the business will work, the significance of the adherence to the set guidelines and guidelines in the business. The guidelines of the travel industry are significant on the grounds that it will secure the workers and the overall population from any destructive exercises which may influence the wellbeing and soundness of the partners. The workers should be educated on its significance and guarantee that there is adherence by them. There are various punishments that are charged on the business in the event that they neglect to cling to the set principles and guidelines. On the off chance that the business breaks the guidelines concerning wellbeing and security, at that point the business will confront lawful activity. Much of the time the business hazard conclusion or they are suspended for at least 5 years relying upon the harm caused. In the event that the business breaks the natu ral guidelines and neglects to cling to supportable advancement then it should pay a fine set by courts or they are deregistered. All in all, travel industry resembles some other enterprises or business and ought to have the option to cling to the set guidelines and guidelines mostly the natural guidelines. The visitor business can flourish if the business has the necessary confirmation and has clung to the administrative condition. Flourishing and manageable advancement relies upon the consistence of the standards and guidelines (Waayers,2006). References Dewhurst, H., Thomas, R. (2003). Empowering reasonable strategic approaches in a non-administrative condition: A contextual analysis of little the travel industry firms in a UK national park.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,11(5), 383-403. Dobson, J. (2006). Sharks, untamed life the travel industry, and state regulation.Tourism in marine environments,3(1), 15-23. Huybers, T., Bennett, J. (2003). Ecological administration and the seriousness of nature-based the travel industry destinations.Environmental and Resource Economics,24(3), 213-233. Potts, T. (2010). The normal preferred position of locales: connecting supportability, advancement, and local improvement in Australia.Journal of cleaner production,18(8), 713-725. Quiros, A. L. (2007). Visitor consistence to a Code of Conduct and the subsequent consequences for whale shark (Rhincodon typus) conduct in Donsol, Philippines.Fisheries Research,84(1), 102-108. Waayers, D., Newsome, D., Lee, D. (2006). Examination note perceptions of resistance conduct by voyagers to an intentional set of accepted rules: a pilot investigation of turtle the travel industry in the Exmouth district, Western Australia.Journal of Ecotourism,5(3), 211-222.

A Critique on Rawls

Affluent countries are ethically obliged to help less fortunate countries, with respect to helping their monetary turn of events. I have reached this resolution dependent on the beliefs of American savant John Rawls. Distributive equity is Rawls’ hypothesis that essentially enlarges the equivalent circulation of merchandise all through society.This theory depends on familiar cooperation between countries, which is regularly entangled by the inclination inalienable in numerous national cultures.â Rawls contends that his Law of Peoples is the ideal answer for this hole in correspondence between nations.â I concur that his constitution is a beginning, yet it does not have an away from of how profoundly interlaced psychological warfare is inside the political structure of society.Skin shading and religion ought not be persuasive on the appropriation of products all through the world, however actually they are a significant reason for social unrest.â This matches with the hyp othesis of relative hardship which recognizes that there is a feeling of shamefulness excited when people develop to accept that the states of their lives isn't perfect with those of the individuals like them in comparable situations.This sentiment of hindrance is believed to be the reason for social dispute and provokes presented to the status quo.â The most quick condition that would drive an individual or gathering to challenge their decision framework would be if their key needs were not being met.â This is the reason distributive Justice is such a significant, and genuinely necessary idea inside society.The all inclusive fairness that can result from Rawls strategy and the announcement it makes on political guidelines is acknowledged by Michael Walzer as a Communitarian Critique on Liberalism.â Through what Walzer alludes to as Spheres of Justice, he connects numerous differences among dissidents and socialists, calling attention to that the socialist study on liberal soc iety will everlastingly resurge all through history.The center drive behind both Walzer and Rawls’ speculations is the indecency that originates from inconsistent and unjustifiable payment of goods.â Though, their quest for equity is exceptionally valiant, there are some substantial obstacles that compromise the selection of Rawl’s speculations into societyThere are numerous contentions that can be made for and against Rawls theory.â According to one of his positions, individuals have the privilege of self-protection yet no option to actuate war for reasons other than self-preservation (Rawl).â This can be viewed as the particular approach applied to the U.S.’s starting assertion of war on Iraq.â After the assault in 9/11, The Law of Peoples implements the grounds that the U.S. was ethically moral in their endeavor for retaliation.But, since this war has finished, numerous pundits think that its difficult to legitimize the United State’s ceaseless organization overseas.â Rawl additionally expresses that, People have an obligation to help different people groups living under troublesome conditions that forestall their having an equitable or OK political and social regime.â This idea is effortlessly differentiated by political scholars who contend that financing to elevate the critical conditions in Iraq are accidentally subsidizing further terrorism.The idea of the U.S. subsidizing a country’s financial steadiness and afterward having it pivot and utilize that commitment against them is a custom with global interactions.â It can be found in the slow change in Germany’s relationship with the United States.â This is only one of the significant obstacles for Distributive equity and represents a political danger to the affectivity of what Rawls declares as the answer for unfairness between nations.In whole, however increasingly princely countries are ethically liable for the prosperity of other neighboring a nd inaccessible battling nations, they should even now be careful about potential psychological oppressor assaults that may result from their generosity.â There are good ramifications in question, yet relinquishing the abundance of a country’s economy ought not bring about the giving up of that country’s wellbeing as well.â This flaw in Rawl’s hypothesis should be surveyed before it can fill in as a substantial answer for disparity. Â

How Chantix Works to Help You Quit Smoking

How Chantix Works to Help You Quit Smoking Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking Print Using Chantix to Quit Smoking By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 06, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Verywell / Gary Ferster More in Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking After You Quit Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Have you been thinking about trying Chantix to quit smoking? Chantix (varenicline tartrate) is a non-nicotine prescription medicine that was developed by Pfizer, Inc. specifically to help people quit smoking. How Chantix Works Chantix works on two levels. First, it partially activates sites in the brain known as nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are affected by nicotine. This gives new ex-smokers mild nicotine-like effects and eases symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. Second, Chantix has the unique ability to stop nicotine from attaching to those nicotine receptors if you smoke while using it. How Nicotine Affects Brain Chemistry Nicotine gives you an almost immediate kick of euphoria thats the result of rapidly changing brain chemistry, and it starts within seven seconds of the first puff on a cigarette. When nicotine enters the brain, it docks with nicotinic acetylcholine  receptors. The nicotine molecule is very similar in shape to a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which affects many bodily functions, including breathing, heart rate, learning, and memory. Acetylcholine also affects other neurotransmitters that have an influence over appetite, mood, and memory. In the brain, nicotine binds to nerve cell receptor sites in places where acetylcholine would, creating the same effects. Once its attached, a release of dopamine is triggered. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter thought to be responsible for reinforcing the pleasure/reward associations people have with smoking. It is this chemical process that is thought to be responsible for addiction. Other addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines, and opioids also trigger the release of dopamine. The acute effects of nicotine wear off within minutes, so people continue dosing themselves frequently throughout the day to maintain the pleasurable effects of nicotine and to prevent withdrawal symptoms. How Chantix Affects Nicotinic Receptors When Chantix is introduced into the brain, it targets a specific type of nicotinic receptor called alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptors. It docks with these receptors, triggering a release of dopamine in the same way nicotine would, though not quite as much. For ex-smokers, the effect is equal to a low to medium dose of nicotine that lasts until the drug wears off, which is several hours. In this way, Chantix helps to relieve symptoms of nicotine withdrawal that people experience when they quit smoking. The added bonus here is that while Chantix is docked at these receptor sites, nicotine cannot do the same. So, if you decide to smoke a cigarette while you have Chantix in your system, the cigarette will not offer its usual feel good dopamine boost. Smoking will be a flat/dull experience and quitting  is hopefully easier to achieve. Research on Effectiveness Six clinical trials involving 3659 chronic cigarette smokers were used as a basis for the effectiveness of Chantix as a therapy for smoking cessation, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The trials showed that Chantix was more effective than a placebo to help people quit smoking. In two of the five trials, people using Chantix therapy (22 percent) were more successful at quitting smoking than those using Zyban (bupropion hydrochloride) (16 percent) as a quit smoking aid. For those taking a placebo, abstinence at the one year mark was approximately 8 percent. In one recent study, researchers looked at 1086 people who quit smoking using one of the following three methods: Chantix, the nicotine patch, or the patch and nicotine lozenges used in combination. The results indicated that the three quit methods were similar in success rates at both six months and one year. At six months, 23 percent of participants who used the patch were still smoke-free, compared to 24 percent of those using Chantix, and 27 percent of  people who used a combination of the patch and lozenges. At one year, the success rate was 21 percent for the patch, 19 percent for Chantix, and 20 percent for the combination method. Other research has also shown that a combination of Chantix and the  nicotine patch  was more effective than using Chantix alone, though more studies are needed. Even Small Success Is a Victory While  the success rate may not seem like great odds, keep in mind the sheer number of people who are addicted to nicotine and dying because of it today. Globally, smoking-related diseases cause  nearly  6 million deaths every year. Put another way, tobacco claims a human life every five seconds somewhere in the world. A drug that has the potential to help approximately 25 out of every 100 people using it to quit smoking is worth considering. Its also important to have quit aid choices available to people who want to stop smoking because what works for one might not work for the next person. Greater choice equals a greater chance for success, ultimately. Chantix Safety In the years since Chantix became available, a number of serious health concerns associated with its use  have been identified. Chantix is a prescribed medication because, as with any medication, there can be significant side effects for a small percentage of the population. If youre interested in using Chantix, talk to your doctor to decide whether it might be a good choice for you. Safety Concerns and Side Effects of Using Chantix to Quit Smoking

Ways to achieve financial goals - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3218 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? 3.0 Ways to Achieve Financial Goals 3.0.1 Part-Time Job Since we are having negative value for net worth, we can do some part time job while we are still studying in Utar. There are a number of restaurants, Cafe, and some other shops around Kampar area are recruiting part-time workers. That is a good opportunity for us to apply for a part-time job there. Besides, we can become a tuition teacher who guides primary and/or secondary school students in their studies. By becoming a tuition teacher, we can contribute our knowledge to this society at the same time gaining experiences as well as extra income. In order to become tuition teacher, we can apply for it in Kamparà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tuition centre. Not only that, we can utilize our skills in musical instruments and open music class to those who are interested. Many students who pursuing their studies in Kampar think that Kampar is a small town which lack of entertainment centre and some of them might not have idea on how to spend their free time in a beneficiary way. Regarding this, music class might attractive to some of them. By doing part-time job, we will have a more stable cash flow. By having stable cash flow, it takes lesser time for us to pay off our debts and reduce our financial stress after we graduate from Utar. (Greaves, n.d.). Moreover, we will get the network opportunities if we do some part-time job. Part-time job enables us to develop network connections. We can meet a reference, great friend, connection or even obtain full-time job after we graduate from Utar if we able to perform well when we are still a part-time worker. (Greaves, n.d.). Apart from that, we may enjoy employee benefits by committing ourselves as a part-time worker. Even if we are not eligible for full health benefits, we might obtain the privilege of perks or staff discounts. Other staff benefits include food, discounted tickets, merchandise and etc. (Greaves, n.d.). Different working pla ce offers different staff benefits. We can also do some research regarding the staff benefits offered by different shops or companies before we apply for a part-time job position. In addition, we will be able to gain more working experience by having part-time job. As many of the employers concern about our working experience before we get employed, the working experience as part-time worker enable us to stay higher chance to get a full-time job after we graduate. Speci ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ cally, it has been proven that practical skills, communication skills, team building skills and customer care can be developed through taking on part-time job (Lucas and Lammont, 1998). Watts and Pickering (2000) found that part time job leads to improvement in personal transferable skills, employability, and increase in con ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ dence level. 3.0.2 Scholarship and PTPTN Repayment Exemption Since we can obtain scholarship or even exempt from PTPTN loan repayment if our academic result meets the required level, we should study smart all the time in order to achieve excellent result. If we able to exempt from PTPTN, we can achieve our financial goal in a shorter time. To become a first class honour, we should study hard, but more important is study smart. A well-organized time management is needed. We should have a schedule that suitable to us and follow it all the time. As a university student, self-learning is important. However, in some cases, we need to be assisted or guided by our lecturers or tutors. Not to feel ashamed to ask questions is a key point to gain more knowledge. To become a first class honour, one must do what others not willing to do. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not just about spending time in studies, healthy life style need to be developed. Scholarship is a very good source of financial support since we are using othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ money and we donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need to use our savings in some of the expenses. Other than usi ng the funds to pay tuition fees, we can also utilize the funds in other expenses, such as paying rental fees, buying foods and purchasing books. By having scholarship or exemption of PTPTN repayment, our resume will be more outstanding. When our academic achievement has been recognized, we stay a high chance to be shortlisted for interview session. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not easy to obtain a satisfying job, however, if we have plenty of qualifications and achievements, it will be much easier for us to get our dream job. 3.0.3 Employee Provident Fund (EPF) In Malaysia, Employee Provident Fund (EPF) is a compulsory savings scheme. In Malay term, EPF is known as KWSP or Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja. Every wage earner in Malaysia who has reached the age of sixteen and obtain a job under contract must register and own the Employee Provident Fund account. Since all companies are legally required to offer workplace insurance as well as monthly retirement fund contribution to the ir full-time staffs, EPF is a significant criterion that needs to be considered when we are offered a job. We should contribute to the Employee Provident Fund (EPF) before starting our first job. Conventionally, employers are responsible for their staffsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ EPF registration but at the present time new applicants are required to register the account individually. To prevent unnecessary hassle, the EPF account should be registered before our new job starts. EPF provides some benefits to its member, including retirement benefit, incapacitation and death benefits, dividend, and tax exemption. It is a significant tool for our retirement planning. EPF ensures a favourable growth in our money due to the tax free interest as well as the maturity. In long term, the accumulated funds help us to achieve our retirement goal. In addition, EPF able to help us to fulfil other goals or provide financing for us in case we are in need of funds urgently. EPF delivers benefit for p atients who are going to have major surgical operation in hospital. The benefit also applicable to those who suffering from the following diseases: paralysis, TB, cancer, leprosy, heart ailment, or mental derangement. Patients are allowed to withdraw six times of their wages or the entire contribution made till date, whichever is less. The funds are applicable for treatment of the EPF member or his/her family member. In addition, EPF provides many other benefits. To those who are physically handicapped due to natural disasters, they can make use of the funds to purchase equipment. EPF member can also have a facility of putting forward family members to obtain funds after he/she demise. EPF holder needs to mindful that withdrawing EPF after changing job is legal only whilst he/she is jobless for two months or above. (Solanki, 2012) Apart from that, EPF member can withdraw funds from the EPF account for construction of house, maintenance or repair service or for repayment of housin g loan. For all the benefits mentioned, organization has specified some conditions that need to be followed. If the EPF member given a housing loan and hope to repay, then he/she can make use of up to thirty-six months salary from his/her EPF balance in case the EPF member has completed the service for ten years. Likewise, EPF members are allowed to withdraw up to twelve months salary (only once) if their existing house is subjected to maintenance or repairing. For this five years of service (ten years for repairing) should have completed.The number of years of services decreases to five years if EPF member hope to purchase or build anew plot or house. The EPF holder can withdraw up to thirty-six months wages (twenty-four months for plot) but it can only be withdrawn once. It is very nice that the house can be in the name of the EPF memberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s spouse or in joint-ownership. (Solanki, 2012) Moreover, EPF can also help us to achieve other goals, such as marriage, fina ncial needs for education for ourselves, any sibling or child. If we have to assemble funds for any of the goals stated above, we can withdraw funds from our EPF account up to fifty percent of our contribution. In addition to this, we can enjoy this benefit up to three times in our life. (Solanki, 2012) Furthermore, insurance benefit can be obtained through EPF. In accordance with Employee Deposit Linked Insurance (EDLI) scheme, any institution that do not provide group insurance scheme for their employees has to contribute .5% of monthly basic pay as premium for the life insurance cover. Presently, the amount of insurance cover is higher of the two: twenty times the average salary of the past twelve months or the full amount in the PF account up to forty percent of the balance amount. For those who are working in small enterprises, the funds are more than enough for them to support the family survival. (Solanki, 2012) 3.0.4 Fixed Deposit Fixed deposit also known as term de posit or time deposit. It is a safety approach to gain more interest or return. That is because the principal and interest accrued is protected by PIDM. Normally, the tenure of the fixed deposit is ranging from 1month to 60 months. Depositors who place their funds in this account cannot withdraw it within the tenure. If not, the bank will impose the penalty on the depositors which will lead the depositors to loss the interest earned (Banks, n.d.). According to the information provided by Maybank and Public Bank, depositors is required to place a minimum of RM 5000 for 1-month fixed deposit. For the tenure that is 2-months and above, minimum of RM 1000 in fixed deposit account is required. There are plenty of benefits by placing money into the fixed deposit account. First of all, the interest rate earn on this account will be higher than a normal saving account. The interest rate will be higher when the tenure is getting longer. According to the Maybank Fixed Deposit Account, thei r interest range is from 3% up to 3.5% per annum. While the interest rate of a saving account only offer about 2.1%. Another way to get higher interest rate return is to open a joint venture account with parents (or transfer funds to their account) who are at least 49 years old and above. Then, apply for the fixed deposit account trough this joint venture account (or their account). This is because banks will provide higher interest rate for those senior savers. So, we may get a larger amount of interest earn. Besides that, fixed deposit account is completely risk free because our funds are protected from interest rate fluctuation, the interest earn is fixed on a certain rate when we are entering into this account (Gilani, n.d.). So, it is a safer investment and easy to set up compare to stocks, mutual funds or property. According to Mkumar, the fixed deposit account can be pledge and get a loan at lower interest rate. That is because the banks belief the depositor who has str ong base of investment. So, they are easier to get a loan with lower interest rate. This may help us to reduce the interest rate payment in the future when we apply for a hire purchase or a housing loan. 3.0.5 Setting Up an Online Business Nowadays, it is very easy for a person to set up an online business. Many students and housewife are selling products through social media, for example, Facebook, We Chat and Line. The products that are selling online normally included clothes, shoes, bags, purse, jewellery, and baby accessories. Before setting up an online business, we need to find the suppliers that can give us good quality products with reasonable price. When we are selling the products with good quality at reasonable price, our customer base definitely will become larger. The main benefit of online business is it can save our money and time (Mior111, 2008). An online business just needs to start by having a laptop or pad with internet access. We can share the photo of the product along with its characteristics trough social media easily. We can promote our product by clicking on the laptop and no need to distribute the flyer or brochure door to door. Advertising the products online not just cost and time effective, it allow us to reach more customer in different geographical area (Henderson, n.d.). Besides, the working time of online business is flexible (Mior111, 2008). We can manage our business after class or during break, at the campus, hostel or cafÃÆ' ©. We can work at anytime and anyplace with internet access. We do not need to rent a stall to sell our product. So, online business is more suitable for a student than having a stall. Moreover, we may earn more than a part timer, if we manage our business very well. The money that we earn not just depends on the cost of the product, but also depends on how much effort we putting on it. The more effort we put, the more we may earn. According to an example in the Facebooker, as a succ ess online business person, she may earn more than thousand per month. While a part timer salary is about RM 400 per month in Kampar area. So, this is a better way if we do not want to work as a part timer. 3.0.6 Invest in Bond or Stock i) Bond According to Investopedia and Investor Words, bond or debt is an investment that the investor loan their money to the company or government for a fixed period of time and in return with a fixed interest rate. The interest payment also called coupon payment, usually paid in semi-annually. The participants in bond market included company, municipality, state, local and foreign government. These participants may use this bond to finance their activities as well as their projects. There are varieties of bonds available, such as corporate bond, municipal bond, Treasury bond, note, and bill. The maturity of a bond is depending on the type of bond. Normally, corporate and municipal bond will have 3-10 years maturity, while Treasury bill wil l have 90-days maturity. Basically, invest in bond will be safer than invest in shares. This is because bond will pay a fixed return every six months while share only pay dividend when the company make a profit. Besides, bondholder has the right to claim their money back prior to shareholder when bankruptcy happens (Sifma, n.d.). So, the principal of the bondholder is safe. But before investing in the bond, we must examine that the bond is not junk bond, because this bond will make us to loss money instead of earning profit (Investopedia Staff, n.d.). Moreover, invest in bond is better than just saving the money in a saving account. Bond will give a higher interest return than a saving account. So, it is better for us to allocate some of our money into the bond when the money is not being use in that period of time. Without posing too much risk, it will gain a high return compare to save in the bank (Investopedia Staff, n.d.). ii) Stock The holder of stock or equity is r epresenting an ownership to the company. They have the right to claim on the assets and profits of the company. We can either choose to invest in common stock or preferred stock. Preferred stockholder has the priority to claim on the assets and profits, but has no voting right. While common stock has the right to vote at the meeting. Common shareholder will claim after the preferred shareholder when the company going bankrupt (Investopedia, n.d.). Normally they claim nothing because all the assets or money are claimed by bondholders and creditors (Learning Bonds, n.d.). Stock does not promise about the returns, it is solely depend on the growth of the company and the stock price (Investopedia Staff, n.d.). If the company make a loss during that period, common shareholder may not receive any dividend. But if the company performing very well, shareholder may gain a lot of bonus or dividend compare to invest in bond (Learning Bonds, n.d.). The bonus can in term of cash or free share s (Holyguy, 2011). So, the best way to gain more profit to achieve our financial goals, we should invest in both bond and stock market. This is because we can diversify our investment by allocating some to bond market to ensure a fixed return while allocating some to share market to gain a higher return (Investopedia Staff, n.d.). Diversification helps us to spread all the risk by investing in different market. Hence, we are not just focus on a single investment (Learning Market, n.d.). So, anything happen, we may not loss all the money. References Banks. (n.d.). Advantages and Disadvantages of Term Deposits. Retrieved 13 July, 2014, from https://www.banks.com.au/news/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-term-deposits/ Barron,P., Anastasiadou,C. (2009). Student part-time employment : Implications, challenges and opportunities for higher education. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(2), 140-153. EPF Benefits As An EPF Member KWSP. (n.d.). R etrieved from https://www.kwsp.gov.my/portal/en/members/member-responsibility/registration/benefits-as-an-epf-member Gilani, N. (n.d.). The Advantages of Fixed Deposits. Retrieved 13 July, 2014, from https://bizfluent.com/info-8454481-advantages-disadvantages-fixed-deposits.html Greaves,M. (n.d.). 6 Benefits Of Having A Part-Time Job At School | TalentEgg Career Incubator. Retrieved from https://talentegg.ca/incubator/2013/08/26/6-benefits-of-a-having-a-part-time-job-at-school/ Henderson, K.J. (n.d.). Advantage of Using the Internet for Business. Retrieved 14 July, 2014 from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-using-internet- business-320.html Holyguy. (2011). Advantages and Disadvantages of Investing in Shares. Retrieved 13July, 2014, from https://holyguy.hubpages.com/hub/advantages-and- disadvantages-of-investing-in-shares Investopedia. (n.d.). Bond. Retrieved 13July, 2014, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bond.asp Investopedia. (n.d.). Stock . Retrieved 13July, 2014, from https://www.investo pedia.com/terms/s/stock.asp Investopedia Staff. (n.d.). The Advantages of Bond. Retrieved 13July, 2014, from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/00/111500.asp Investopedia Staff. (n.d.). What are The Advantages and Disadvantages of Buying Stocks Instead of Bonds. Retrieved 13July, 2014, from https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/124.asp Investor Words. (n.d.). Bond. Retrieved 13July, 2014, from https://www.investorwords.com/521/bond.html Learning Markets. (n.d.). Benefits of Investing in the Stock Market. Retrieved 13July, 2014, from https://www.learningmarkets.com/benefits-of-investing-in-the-stock-market/Sifma. (n.d.). Types of Bonds. Retrieved 13July, 2014, from https://www.investinginbonds.com/learnmore.asp?catid=5subcatid=19id=1 91 Lucas, R. and Lammont, N. (1998), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Combining work and study: an empirical study of full time students in school college and universityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Journa l of Education and Work, Vol. 11 No. 1,pp. 41-56. Solanki,J. (2012). The various benefits of your Employee Provident Fund Moneycontrol.com. Retrieved from https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/investing/the-various-benefitsyour-employee-provident-fund_775030.html Maybank. (2014). Fixed Deposit Account. Retrieved 13 July, 2014, fromhttps://www.maybank2u.com.my/mbb_info/m2u/public/personalDetail04.do?c hannelId=ACC-AccountscntTypeId=0cntKey=ACC03.01programId= ACC03-FixedDepositAccountschCatId=/mbb/Personal/ACC-Accounts Mior111. (2008). 5Advantages of Online Business vs Offline Business. Retrieved 14 July, 2014 from https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:https://webonline.com.my/news/2008/07/5-advantages-of-online-business-vs- offline-business/ Mkumar. (2013). Benefits of Fixed Deposits. Retrieved 13 July, 2014, from https://forums.bankbazaar.com/discussion/285/benefits-of-fixed-deposits Public Bank. (2014). PLUS Fixed Deposit Account. Retrieved 13 July, 2014, from https://www.pbebank.com/Personal-Banking/Banking/Deposit/Fixed-Deposit- Acounts/PLUS-Fixed-Deposit-Account.aspx Watts, C. and Pickering, A. (2000), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Pay and you learn: student employment and academic progressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Education and Training, Vol. 42 No. 3, pp. 129-35 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ways to achieve financial goals" essay for you Create order

A Strange Act Of Violence - 1961 Words

Although he appeared average and seeming to have the same dreams and aspirations of his peers, Ted’s mind was a far darker place than anyone could have imagined prior to his incarceration and eventual conviction. At age three, Ted demonstrated a strange act of violence to his fifteen-year-old aunt while she was napping. Lifting her bed sheets, he placed three large kitchen knives beside her. She recalls, â€Å"He just stood there and grinned. I shooed him out of the room and took the implements back down to the kitchen and told my mother about it. I remember thinking at the time that I was the only one who thought it was strange. Nobody did anything† (Vronsky, 2004: 107). In addition to his early patterns of violence, there was also a history of mental illness in the family. This can usually mean that family members down the line are far more likely to exhibit some of these same attributes. More than likely, these mental problems found their way through heredity into Bundy’s personality as well. An example of mental instability within the family can be seen with his grandmother. Late in her life, she expressed symptoms of psychosis. In order to treat this, she underwent shock therapy. It is likely that the abuse she endured through her marriage and that which Bundy was exposed to contributed to these problems. While in college, Bundy recalls having walked past an open window where a young woman was undressing. Taken with this event, he began deliberately seekingShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay956 Words   |  4 PagesWhen the book The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert L. Stevenson and the play, Trifles by Susan Glaspell were written both literary pieces dealt in depravity. The two main genres engage in violent acts with no remorse. 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Philippine Republic Act No. 8436 Free Essays

string(518) " herein referred to as the Commission, is hereby authorized to use an automated election system, herein referred to as the System, for the process of voting, counting of votes and canvassing/consolidation of results of the national and local elections: Provided, however, That for the May 11, 1998 elections, the System shall be applicable in all areas within the country only for the positions of president, vice-president, senators and parties, organizations or coalitions participating under the party-list system\." REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8436 AN ACT AUTHORIZING THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS TO USE AN AUTOMATED ELECTION SYSTEM IN THE MAY 11, 1998 NATIONAL OR LOCAL ELECTIONS AND IN SUBSEQUENT NATIONAL AND LOCAL ELECTORAL EXERCISES, PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. Section 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Philippine Republic Act No. 8436 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Declaration of policy. — It is the policy of the State to ensure free, orderly, honest, peaceful and credible elections, and assure the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot in order that the results of elections, plebiscites, referenda, and other electoral exercises shall be fast, accurate and reflective of the genuine will of the people. Sec. 2. Definition of terms. — As used in this Act, the following terms shall mean: 1. Automated election system — a system using appropriate technology for voting and electronic devices to count votes and canvass/consolidate results; 2. Counting machine — a machine that uses an optical scanning/mark—sense reading device or any similar advanced technology to count ballots; 3. Data storage device — a device used to electronically store counting and canvassing results, such as a memory pack or diskette; 4. Computer set — a set of equipment containing regular components, i. e. , monitor, central processing unit or CPU, keyboard and printer; 5. National ballot — refers to the ballot to be used in the automated election system for the purpose of the May 11, 1998 elections. This shall contain the names of the candidates for president, vice-president, senators and parties, organizations or coalitions participating under the party-list system. This ballot shall be counted by the counting machine; 6. Local Ballot — refers to the ballot on which the voter will manually write the names of the candidates of his/her choice for member of the House of Representatives, governor, vice-governor, members of the provincial board, mayor, vice-mayor, and members of the city/municipal council. For the purpose of the May 11, 1998 elections, this ballot will be counted manually; 7. Board of Election Inspectors — there shall be a Board of Election Inspectors in every precinct composed of three (3) regular members who shall conduct the voting, counting and recording of votes in the polling place. For the purpose of the May 11, 1998 elections, there shall be special members composed of a fourth member in each precinct and a COMELEC representative who is authorized to operate the counting machine. Both shall conduct the counting and recording of votes of the national ballots in the designated counting centers; 8. Election returns — a machine-generated document showing the date of the election, the province, municipality and the precinct in which it is held and the votes in figures for each candidate in a precinct directly produced by the counting machine; 9. Statement of votes — a machine-generated document containing the votes obtained by candidates in each precinct in a city/municipality; 10. City/municipal/district/provincial certificate of canvass of votes — a machine-generated document containing the total votes in figures obtained by each candidate in a city/municipality/district/ province as the case may be; and 11. Counting center — a public place designated by the Commission where counting of votes and canvassing/consolidation of results shall be conducted. Sec. 3. Qualifications, rights and limitations of the special members of the Board of Election Inspectors. No person shall be appointed as a special member of the board of election inspectors unless he/she is of good moral character and irreproachable reputation, a registered voter, has never been convicted of any election offense or of any crime punishable by more than six (6) months imprisonment or if he/she has pending against him/her an information fo r any election offense or if he/she is related within the fourth civil degree of consanguinity or affinity to any member of the board of election inspectors or any special member of the same board of Election Inspector or to any candidate for a national position or to a nominee as a party list representative or his/her spouse. The special members of the board shall enjoy the same rights and be bound by the same limitations and liabilities of a regular member of the board of election inspectors but shall not vote during the proceedings of the board of election inspectors except on matters pertaining to the national ballot. Sec. 4. Duties and functions of the special members of the Board of Election Inspectors. — 1. During the conduct of the voting in the polling place, the fourth member shall: a) accomplish the minutes of voting for the automated election system in the precinct; and (b) ensure that the national ballots are placed inside the appropriate ballot box; 2. On the cl ose of the polls, the fourth member shall bring the ballot box containing the national ballots to the designated counting center; 3. Before the counting of votes, the fourth member shall verify if the number of national ballots tallies with the data in the minutes of the voting; 4. During the counting of votes, the fourth member and the COMELEC authorized representative shall jointly accomplish the minutes of counting for the automated election system in the precinct; 5. After the counting of votes, the fourth member and the COMELEC authorized representative shall jointly: (a) certify the results of the counting of national ballots from the precinct; and (b) bring the ballot box containing the counted national ballots together with the minutes of voting and counting, and other election documents and paraphernalia to the city or municipal treasurer for safekeeping. Sec. 5. Board of Canvassers. — For purposes of the May 11, 1998 elections, each province, city or municipality shall have two (2) board of canvassers, one for the manual election system under the existing law, and the other, for the automated system. For the automated election system, the chairman of the board shall be appointed by the Commission from among its personnel/deputies and the members from the officials enumerated in Sec. 21 of Republic Act No. 6646. Sec. 6. Authority to use an automated election system. To carry out the above-stated policy, the Commission on Elections, he rein referred to as the Commission, is hereby authorized to use an automated election system, herein referred to as the System, for the process of voting, counting of votes and canvassing/consolidation of results of the national and local elections: Provided, however, That for the May 11, 1998 elections, the System shall be applicable in all areas within the country only for the positions of president, vice-president, senators and parties, organizations or coalitions participating under the party-list system. You read "Philippine Republic Act No. 8436" in category "Essay examples" To achieve the purpose of this Act, the Commission is authorized to procure by purchase, lease or otherwise any supplies, equipment, materials and services needed for the holding of the elections by an expedited process of public bidding of vendors, suppliers or lessors: Provided, That the accredited political parties are duly notified of and allowed to observe but not to participate in the bidding. If, inspite of its diligent efforts to implement this mandate in the exercise of this authority, it becomes evident by February 9, 1998 that the Commission cannot fully implement the automated election system for national positions in the May 11, 1998 elections, the elections for both national and local positions shall be done manually except in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) where the automated election system shall be used for all positions. Sec. 7. Features of the system. — The System shall utilize appropriate technology for voting, and electronic devices for counting of votes and canvassing of results. For this purpose, the Commission shall acquire automated counting machines, computer equipment, devices and materials and adopt new forms and printing materials. The System shall contain the following features: (a) use of appropriate ballots, (b) stand-alone machine which can count votes and an automated system which can consolidate the results immediately, (c) with provisions for audit trails, (d) minimum human intervention, and (e) adequate safeguard/security measures. In addition, the System shall as far as practicable have the following features: 1. It must be user-friendly and need not require computer-literate operators; 2. The machine security must be built-in and multi-layer existent on hardware and software with minimum human intervention using latest technology like encrypted coding system; 3. The security key control must be embedded inside the machine sealed against human intervention; 4. The Optical Mark Reader (OMR) must have a built-in printer for numbering the counted ballots and also for printing the individual precinct number on the counted ballots; 5. The ballot paper for the OMR counting machine must be of the quality that passed the international standard like ISO-1831, JIS-X- 9004 or its equivalent for optical character recognition; 6. The ballot feeder must be automatic; 7. The machine must be able to count from 100 to 150 ballots per minute; 8. The counting machine must be able to detect fake or counterfeit ballots and must have a fake ballot rejector; 9. The counting machine must be able to detect and reject previously counted ballots to prevent duplication; 10. The counting machine must have the capability to recognize the ballot’s individual precinct and city or municipality before counting or consolidating the votes; 11. The System must have a printer that has the capacity to print in one stroke or operation seven (7) copies (original plus six (6) copies) of the consolidated reports on carbonless paper; 12. The printer must have at least 128 kilobytes of Random Access Memory (RAM) to facilitate the expeditious processing of the printing of the consolidated reports; 13. The machine must have a built-in floppy disk drive in order to save the processed data on a diskette; 14. The machine must also have a built-in hard disk to store the counted and consolidated data for future printout and verification; 15. The machine must be temperature-resistant and rust-proof; 16. The optical lens of the OMR must have a self-cleaning device; 17. The machine must not be capable of being connected to external computer peripherals for the process of vote consolidation; 18. The machine must have an Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS); 19. The machine must be accompanied with operating manuals that will guide the personnel of the Commission the proper use and maintenance of the machine; 20. It must be so designed and built that add-ons may immediately be incorporated into the System at minimum expense; 21. It must provide the shortest time needed to complete the counting of votes and canvassing of the results of the election; 22. The machine must be able to generate consolidated reports like the election return, statement of votes and certificate of canvass at different levels; and 23. The accuracy of the count must be guaranteed, the margin of error must be disclosed and backed by warranty under such terms and conditions as may be determined by the Commission. In the procurement of this system, the Commission shall adopt an equitable system of deductions or demerits for deviations or deficiencies in meeting all the above stated features and standards. For this purpose, the Commission shall create an Advisory Council to be composed of technical experts from the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), the Information Technology Foundation of the Philippines (ITFP), the University of the Philippines (UP), and two (2) representatives from the private sector recommended by the Philippine Computer Society (PCS). The Council may avail itself of the expertise and services of resource persons of known competence and probity. The Commission in collaboration with the DOST shall establish an independent Technical Ad Hoc Evaluation Committee, herein known as the Committee, composed of a representative each from the Senate, House of Representatives, DOST and COMELEC. The Committee shall certify that the System is operating properly and accurately and that the machines have a demonstrable capacity to distinguish between genuine and spurious ballots. The Committee shall ensure that the testing procedure shall be unbiased and effective in checking the worthiness of the System. Toward this end, the Committee shall design and implement a reliability test procedure or a system stress test. Sec. 8. Procurement of equipment and materials. — The Commission shall procure the automated counting machines, computer equipment, devices and materials needed for ballot printing and devices for voting, counting and canvassing from local or foreign sources free from taxes and import duties, subject to accounting and auditing rules and regulations. Sec. 9. Systems breakdown in the counting center. In the event of a systems breakdown of all assigned machines in the counting center, the Commission shall use any available machine or any component thereof from an other city/municipality upon the approval of the Commission En Banc or any of its divisions. The transfer of such machines or any component thereof shall be undertaken in the presence of representatives of political parties and citizens’ arm of the Commission who shall be notified by the election officer of such transfer. There is a systems breakdown in the counting center when the machine fails to read the ballots or fails to store/save results or fails to print the results after it has read the ballots; or when the computer fails to consolidate election results/reports or fails to print election results/reports after consolidation. Sec. 10. Examination and testing of counting machines. The Commission shall, on the date and time it shall set and with proper notices, allow the political parties and candidates or their representatives, citizens’ arm or their representatives to examine and test the machines to ascertain that the system is operating properly and accuratel y. Test ballots and test forms shall be provided by the Commission. After the examination and testing, the machines shall be locked and sealed by the election officer or any authorized representative of the Commission in the presence of the political parties and candidates or their representatives, and accredited citizens’ arms. The machines shall be kept locked and sealed and shall be opened again on election day before the counting of votes begins. Immediately after the examination and testing of the machines, the parties and candidates or their representatives, citizens’ arms or their representatives, may submit a written report to the election officer who shall immediately transmit it to the Commission for appropriate action. Sec. 11. Official ballot. — The Commission shall prescribe the size and form of the official ballot which shall contain the titles of the positions to be filled and/or the propositions to be voted upon in an initiative, referendum or plebiscite. Under each position, the names of candidates shall be arranged alphabetically by surname and uniformly printed using the same type size. A fixed space where the chairman of the Board of Election inspectors shall affix his/her signature to authenticate the official ballot shall be provided. Both sides of the ballots may be used when necessary. For this purpose, the deadline for the filing of certificate of candidacy/petition for registration/manifestation to participate in the election shall not be later than one hundred twenty (120) days before the elections: Provided, That, any elective official, whether national or local, running for any office other than the one which he/she is holding in a permanent capacity, except for president and vice-president, shall be deemed resigned only upon the start of the campaign period corresponding to the position for which he/she is running: Provided, further, That, unlawful acts or omissions applicable to a candidate shall take effect upon the start of the aforesaid campaign period: Provided, finally, That, for purposes of the May 11, 1998 elections, the deadline for filing of the certificate of candidacy for the positions of President, Vice President, Senators and candidates under the Party-List System as well as petitions for registration and/or manifestation to participate in the P arty-List System shall be on February 9, 1998 while the deadline for the filing of certificate of candidacy for other positions shall be on March 27, 1998. The official ballots shall be printed by the National Printing Office and/or the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas at the price comparable with that of private printers under proper security measures which the Commission shall adopt. The Commission may contract the services of private printers upon certification by the National Printing Office/ Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas that it cannot meet the printing requirements. Accredited political parties and deputized citizens’ arms of the Commission may assign watchers in the printing, storage and distribution of official ballots. To prevent the use of fake ballots, the Commission through the Committee shall ensure that the serial number on the ballot stub shall be printed in magnetic ink that shall be easily detectable by inexpensive hardware and shall be impossible to reproduce on a photocopying machine, and that identification marks, magnetic strips, bar codes and other technical and security markings, are provided on the ballot. The official ballots shall be printed and distributed to each city/municipality at the rate of one (1) ballot for every registered voter with a provision of additional four (4) ballots per precinct. Sec. 12. Substitution of candidates. — In case of valid substitutions after the official ballots have been printed, the votes cast for the substituted candidates shall be considered votes for the substitutes. Sec. 13. Ballot box. There shall be in each precinct on election day a ballot box with such safety features that the Commission may prescribe and of such size as to accommod ate the official ballots without folding them. For the purpose of the May 11, 1998 elections, there shall be two (2) ballot boxes for each precinct, one (1) for the national ballots and one (I) for the local ballots. Sec. 14. Procedure in voting. — The voter shall be given a ballot by the chairman of the Board of Election Inspectors. The voter shall then proceed to a voting booth to accomplish his/her ballot. If a voter spoils his/her ballot, he/she may be issued another ballot subject to Sec. 11 of this Act. No voter may be allowed to change his/her ballot more than once. After the voter has voted, he/she shall affix his/her thumbmark on the corresponding space in the voting record. The chairman shall apply indelible ink on the voter’s right forefinger and affix his/her signature in the space provided for such purpose in the ballot. The voter shall then personally drop his/her ballot on the ballot box. For the purpose of the May 11, 1998 elections, each voter shall be given one (1) national and one (1) local ballot by the Chairperson. The voter shall, after casting his/her vote, personally drop the ballots in their respective ballot boxes. Sec. 15. Closing of polls. After the close of voting, the board shall enter in the minutes the number of registered voters who actually voted, the number and serial number of unused and spoiled ballots, the serial number of the self-locking metal seal to be used in sealing the ballot box. The board shall then place the minutes inside the ballot box and thereafter close, lock and seal the same with padlocks, self-locking metal seals or any other safety devices that the Commission may authorize. The chairman of the Board of Election Inspectors shall publicly announce that the votes shall be counted at a designated counting center where the board shall transport the ballot box containing the ballots and other election documents and paraphernalia. For the purpose of the May 11, 1998 elections, the chairman of the Board of Election Inspectors shall publicly announce that the votes for president, vice-president, senators and parties, organizations or coalitions participating in the party-list system shall be counted at a designated counting center. During the transport of the ballot box containing the national ballots and other documents, the fourth member of the board shall be escorted by representatives from the Armed Forces of the Philippines or from the Philippine National Police, citizens’ arm, and if available, representatives of political parties and candidates. Sec. 16. Designation of Counting Centers. The Commission shall designate counting center(s) which shall be a public place within the city/municipality or in such other places as may be designated by the Commission when peace and order conditions so require, where the official ballots cast in various precincts of the city/municipality shall be counted. The e lection officer shall post prominently in his/her office, in the bulletin boards at the city/municipal hall and in three (3) other conspicuous places in the city/municipality, the notice on the designated counting center(s) for at least fifteen (15) days prior to election day. For the purpose of the May 11, 1998 elections, the Commission shall designate a central counting center(s) which shall be a public place within the city or municipality, as in the case of the National Capital Region and in highly urbanized areas. The Commission may designate other counting center(s) where the national ballots cast from various precincts of different municipalities shall be counted using the automated system. The Commission shall post prominently a notice thereof, for at least fifteen (15) days prior to election day, in the office of the election officer, on the bulletin boards at the municipal hall and in three (3) other conspicuous places in the municipality. Sec. 17. Counting procedure. — (a) The counting of votes shall be public and conducted in the designated counting center(s). (b) The ballots shall be counted by the machine by precinct in the order of their arrival at the counting center. The election officer or his/her representative shall log the sequence of arrival of the ballot boxes and indicate their condition. Thereafter, the board shall, in the presence of the watchers and representatives of accredited citizens’ arm, political parties/candidates, open the ballot box, retrieve the ballots and minutes of voting. It shall verify whether the number of ballots tallies with the data in the minutes. If there are excess ballots, the poll clerk, without looking at the ballots, shall publicly draw out at random ballots equal to the excess and without looking at the contents thereof, place them in an envelope which shall be marked â€Å"excess ballots†. The envelope shall be sealed and signed by the members of the board and placed in the compartment for spoiled ballots. (c) The election officer or any authorized official or any member of the board shall feed the valid ballots into the machine without interruption until all the ballots for the precincts are counted. (d) The board shall remain at the counting center until all the official ballots for the precinct are counted and all reports are properly accomplished. For the purpose of the May 11, 1998 elections, the ballots shall be counted by precinct by the special members of the board in the manner provided in paragraph (b) hereof. Sec. 18. Election returns. After the ballots of the precincts have been counted, the election officer or any official authorized by the Commission shall, in the presence of watchers and representatives of the accredited citizens’ arm, political parties/ candidates, if any, store the results in a data storage device and print copies of the electio n returns of each precinct. The printed election returns shall be signed and thumbmarked by the fourth member and COMELEC authorized representative and attested to by the election officer or authorized representative. The Chairman of the Board shall then publicly read and announce the total number of votes obtained by each candidate based on the election returns. Thereafter, the copies of the election returns shall be sealed and placed in the proper envelopes for distribution as follows: A. In the election of president, vice-president, senators and party-list system: (1) The first copy shall be delivered to the city or municipal board of canvassers; (2) The second copy, to the Congress, directed to the President of the Senate; (3) The third copy, to the Commission; (4) The fourth copy, to the citizens’ arm authorized by the Commission to conduct an unofficial count. In the conduct of the unofficial quick count by any accredited citizens’ arm, the Commission shall promulgate rules and regulations to ensure, among others, that said citizens’ arm releases in the rder of their arrival one hundred percent (100%) results of a precinct indicating the precinct, municipality or city, province and region: Provided, however, that, the count shall continue until all precincts shall have been reported. (5) The fifth copy, to the domin ant majority party as determined by the Commission in accordance with law; (6) The sixth copy, to the dominant minority party as determined by the Commission in accordance with law; and (7) The seventh copy shall be deposited inside the compartment of the ballot box for valid ballots. The citizens’ arm shall provide copies of the election returns at the expense of the requesting party. For the purpose of the May 11, 1998 elections, after the national ballots have been counted, the COMELEC authorized representative shall implement the provisions of paragraph A hereof. B. In the election of local officials and members of the House of Representatives: (1) The first copy shall be delivered to the city or municipal board of canvassers; (2) The second copy, to the Commission; (3) The third copy, to the provincial board of canvassers; (4) The fourth copy, to the citizens’ arm authorized by the Commission to conduct an unofficial count. In the conduct of the unofficial quick count by any accredited citizens’ arm, the Commission shall promulgate rules and regulations to ensure, among others, that said citizens’ arm releases in the order of their arrival one hundred percent (100%) results of a precinct indicating the precinct, municipality or city, province and region: Provided, however, That, the count shall continue until all precincts shall have been reported. 5) The fifth copy, to the dominant majority party as determined by the Commission in accordance with law; (6) The sixth copy, to the dominant minority party as determined by the Commission in accordance with law; and (7) The seventh copy shall be deposited inside the compartment of the ballot box for valid ballots. The citizens’ arm shall provide copies of election returns at the expense of the requesting party. After the votes from all precincts have been counted, a consolidated report of votes for each candidate shall be printed. After the printing of the election returns, the ballots shall be returned to the ballot box, which shall be locked, sealed and delivered to the city/municipal treasurer for safekeeping. The treasurer shall immediately provide the Commission and the election officer with a record of the serial numbers of the ballot boxes and the corresponding metal seals. Sec. 19. Custody and accountability of ballots. — The election officer and the treasurer of the city/municipality as deputy of the Commission shall have joint custody and accountability of the official ballots, accountable forms and other election documents as well as ballot boxes containing the official ballots cast. The ballot boxes shall not be opened for three (3) months unless the Commission orders otherwise. Sec. 20. Substitution of Chairman and Members of the Board of Canvassers. — In case of non-availability, absence, disqualification due to relationship, or incapacity for any cause of the chairman, the Commission shall appoint as substitute, a ranking lawyer of the Commission. With respect to the other members of the board, the Commission shall appoint as substitute the following in the order named: the provincial auditor, the register of deeds, the clerk of court nominated by the executive judge of the regional trial court, or any other available appointive provincial official in the case of the provincial board of canvassers; the officials in the city corresponding to those enumerated in the case of the city board of canvassers; and the municipal administrator, the municipal assessor, the clerk of court nominated by the judge of the municipal trial court, in the case of the municipal board of canvassers. Sec. 21. Canvassing by Provincial, City, District and Municipal Boards of Canvassers. — The city or municipal board of canvassers shall canvass the votes for the president, vice-president, senators, and parties, organizations or coalitions participating under the party-list system by consolidating the results contained in the data storage devices used in the printing of the election returns. Upon completion of the canvass, it shall print the certificate of canvass of votes for president, vice-president, senators and members of the House of Representatives and elective provincial officials and thereafter, proclaim the elected city or municipal officials, as the case may be. The city board of canvassers of cities comprising one (1) or more legislative districts shall canvass the votes for president, vice-president, senators, members of the House of Representatives and elective city officials by consolidating the results contained in the data storage devices used in the printing of the election returns. Upon completion of the canvass, the board shall print the canvass of votes for president, vice-president, and senators and thereafter, proclaim the elected members of the House of Representatives and city officials. In the Metro Manila area, each municipality comprising a legislative district shall have a district board of canvassers which shall canvass the votes for president, vice-president, senators, members of the House of Representatives and elective municipal officials by consolidating the results contained in the data storage devices used in the printing of the election returns. Upon completion of the canvass, it shall print the certificate of canvass of votes for president, vice-president, and senators and thereafter, proclaim the elected members of the House of Representatives and municipal officials. Each component municipality in a legislative district in the Metro Manila area shall have a municipal board of canvassers which shall canvass the votes for president, vice-president, senators, members of the House of Representatives and elective municipal officials by consolidating the results contained in the data storage devices used in the printing of the election returns. Upon completion of the canvass, it shall prepare the certificate of canvass of votes for president, vice-president, senators, members of the House of Representatives and thereafter, proclaim the elected municipal officials. The district board of canvassers of each legislative district comprising two (2) municipalities in the Metro Manila area shall canvass the votes for president, vice-president, senators and members of the House of Representatives by consolidating the results contained in the data storage devices submitted by the municipal board of canvassers of the component municipalities. Upon completion of the canvass, it shall print a certificate of canvass of votes for president, vice-president and senators and thereafter, proclaim the elected members of the House of Representatives in the legislative district. The district/provincial board of canvassers shall canvass the votes for president, vice-president, senators, members of the House of Representatives and elective provincial officials by consolidating the results contained in the data storage devices submitted by the board of canvassers of the municipalities and component cities. Upon completion of the canvass, it shall print the certificate of canvass of votes for president, vice-president and senators and thereafter, proclaim the elected members of the House of Representatives and the provincial officials. The municipal, city, district and provincial certificates of canvass of votes shall each be supported by a statement of votes. The Commission shall adopt adequate and effective measures to preserve the integrity of the data storage devices at the various levels of the boards of canvassers. Sec. 22. Number of copies of Certificates of Canvass of Votes and their distribution. (a) The certificate of canvass of votes for president, vi ce-president, senators, members of the House of Representatives, parties, organizations or coalitions participating under the party-list system and elective provincial officials shall be printed by the city or municipal board of canvassers and distributed as follows: (1) The first copy shall be delivered to the provincial board of canvassers for use in the canvass of election results for president, vice-president, senators, members of the House of Representatives, parties, organizations or coalitions participating under the party-list system and elective provincial officials; (2) The second copy shall be sent to the Commission; (3) The third copy shall be kept by the chairman of the board; and (4) The fourth copy shall be given to the citizens’ arm designated by the Commission to conduct an unofficial count. It shall be the duty of the citizens’ arm to furnish independent candidates copies of the certificate of canvass at the expense of the requesting party. The board of canvassers shall furnish all registered parties copies of the certificate of canvass at the expense of the requesting party. b) The certificate of canvass of votes for president, vice-president and senators, parties, organizations or coalitions participating under the party-list system shall be printed by the city boards of canvassers of cities comprising one or more legislative districts, by provincial boards of canvassers and by district boards of canvassers in the Metro Manila area, and other highly urbanized areas and distributed as follows: (1) The first copy shall be sent to Congress, directed to the President of the Senate for use in the canvas of election results for president and vice-president; (2) The second copy shall be sent to the Commission for use in the canvass of the election results for senators; (3) The third copy shall be kept by the chairman of the board; and (4) The fourth copy shall be given to the citizens’ arm designated by the Commission to condu ct an unofficial count. It shall be the duty of the citizens’ arm to furnish independent candidates copies of the certificate of canvass at the expense of the requesting party. The board of canvassers shall furnish all registered parties copies of the certificate of canvass at the expense of the requesting party. c) The certificates of canvass printed by the provincial, district, city or municipal boards of canvassers shall be signed and thumbmarked by the chairman and members of the board and the principal watchers, if available. Thereafter, it shall be sealed and placed inside an envelope which shall likewise be properly sealed. In all instances, where the Board of Canvassers has the duty to furnish registered political parties with copies of the certificate of canvass, the pertinent election returns shall be attached thereto, where appropriate. Sec. 23. National Board of Canvassers for Senators. — The chairman and members of the Commission on Elections sitting en ba nc, shall compose the national board of canvassers for senators. It shall canvass the results for senators by consolidating the results contained in the data storage devices submitted by the district, provincial and city boards of canvassers of those cities which comprise one or more legislative districts. Thereafter, the national board shall proclaim the winning candidates for senators. Sec. 24. Congress as the National Board of Canvassers for President and Vice-President. — The Senate and the House of Representatives in joint public session shall compose the national board of canvassers for president and vice-president. The returns of every election for president and vice-president duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to the Congress, directed to the president of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the president of the Senate shall, not later than thirty (30) days after the day of the election, open all the certificates in the presence of the Senate and the House of Representatives in joint public session and the Congress upon determination of the authenticity and the due execution thereof in the manner provided by law, canvass all the results for president and vice-president by consolidating the results contained in the data storage devices submitted by the district, provincial and city boards of canvassers and thereafter, proclaim the winning candidates for president and vice-president. Sec. 25. Voters’ education. — The Commission together with and in support of accredited citizens’ arms shall carry out a continuing and systematic campaign through newspapers of general circulation, radio and ther media forms, as well as through seminars, symposia, fora and other non-traditional means to educate the public and f ully inform the electorate about the automated election system and inculcate values on honest, peaceful and orderly elections. Sec. 26. Supervision and control. — The System shall be under the exclusive supervision and control of the Commission. For this purpose, there is hereby created an information technology department in the Commission to carry out the full administration and implementation of the System. The Commission shall take immediate steps as may be necessary for the acquisition, installation, administration, storage, and maintenance of equipment and devices, and to promulgate the necessary rules and regulations for the effective implementation of this Act. Sec. 27. Oversight Committee. An Oversight Committee is hereby created composed of three (3) representatives each from the Senate and the House of Representatives and three (3) from the Commission on Elections to monitor and evaluate the implementation of this Act. A report to the Senate and the House of Repres entatives shall be submitted within ninety (90) days from the date of election. The oversight committee may hire competent consultants for project monitoring and information technology concerns related to the implementation and improvement of the modern election system. The oversight committee shall be provided with the necessary funds to carry out its duties. Sec. 28. Designation of other dates for certain pre-election acts. — If it shall no longer be reasonably possible to observe the periods and dates prescribed by law for certain pre-election acts, the Commission shall fix other periods and dates in order to ensure accomplishment of the activities so voters shall not be deprived of their suffrage. Sec. 29. Election offenses. — In addition to those enumerated in Sec. s 261 and 262 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 881, As Amended, the following acts shall be penalized as election offenses, whether or not said acts affect the electoral process or results: (a) Utilizing without authorization, tampering with, destroying or stealing: 1) Official ballots, election returns, and certificates of canvass of votes used in the System; and (2) Electronic devices or their components, peripherals or supplies used in the System such as counting machine, memory pack/diskette, memory pack receiver and computer set; (b) Interfering with, impeding, absconding f or purpose of gain, preventing the installation or use of computer counting devices and the processing, storage, generation and transmission of election results, data or information; and (c) Gaining or causing access to using, altering, destroying or disclosing any computer data, program, system software, network, or any computer-related devices, facilities, hardware or equipment, whether classified or declassified. Sec. 30. Applicability. — The provisions of Batas Pambansa Blg. 81, As Amended, otherwise known as the â€Å"Omnibus Election Code of the Philippines†, and other election laws not inconsistent with this Act shall apply. Sec. 31. Rules and Regulations. — The Commission shall promulgate rules and regulations for the implementation and enforcement of this Act including such measures that will address possible difficulties and confusions brought about by the two-ballot system. The Commission may consult its accredited citizens’ arm for this purpos e. Sec. 32. Appropriations. — The amount necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act shall be charged against the current year’s appropriations of the Commission. Thereafter, such sums as may be necessary for the continuous implementation of this Act shall be included in the annual General Appropriations Act. In case of deficiency in the funding requirements herein provided, such amount as may be necessary shall be augmented from the current contingent fund in the General Appropriations Act. Sec. 33. Separability clause. — If, for any reason, any Sec. or provision of this Act or any part thereof, or the application of such Sec. , provision or portion is declared invalid or unconstitutional, the remainder thereof shall not be affected by such declaration. Sec. 34. Repealing clause. — All laws, presidential decrees, executive orders, rules and regulations or parts thereof inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly. Sec. 35. Effectivity. — This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in a newspaper of general circulation. Approved: December 22, 1997 How to cite Philippine Republic Act No. 8436, Essay examples

Study of the Crucible free essay sample

Throughout the study of Arthur Miller’s dramatic play, the Crucible a play with four acts, and the picture book, Belonging by Jeannie Baker, I now understand that the challenge to belong may be resisted or embraced depending on the protagonist and other characters throughout the texts we have studied in class. Miller uses language to show how a character can either resist to belong or can embrace it. Throughout The Crucible, Miller’s dialogue to show the connectedness of the characters to the theocratic society that they belong to. It is constructed in such a way that it anchors the characters in the 17th century, without being so archaic that it is jarring for the audience. Miller needed the audience to see the events as being from â€Å"another time†. The question and answer format for much of the dialogue is much like a court room trial in its rhythm. This type of dialogue is used throughout the play outside the courtroom scene themselves, this adds to the atmosphere of interrogation, accusations and the verdict. The language used by individual characters to establish their personalities and agendas for the audience. For example, although he is a farmer, John Proctor has an almost sermon-like method of speech, whilst Danforth uses un-emotive and legal speech. Repetition of the words â€Å"hang† and â€Å"confessed† establish a sense of incredulity. This also shows Proctor’s resistance towards the community and that belong to the theocratic society is not what he stands for. Miller’s uses of dramatic pauses increase the tension further and a shift of power when Mary Warren’s tone changes towards John Proctor. The emotive word choice, high modality and repeated exclamations, which are used to convey the conflict and represent the increasing disunity and paranoia in the community. The tender language that represents familial belonging is only evident very briefly in the play when Elizabeth and Proctor are open and honest with one another before he is to be hanged. Even during this moment of clarity, the language is exclamatory. This can also show how a character can resist or embrace the feeling of belonging. The use of juxtaposition and motifs throughout The Crucible play a major role in Salem society. The use of light and dark throughout the play shows the good and bad of a person or the place that the person is in. Miller uses extensive stage directions and commentary to show this. â€Å"It is a low, dark and rather long living room† this quote is used to describe the Proctor’s living room. He uses the excessive use of commentary to show how a dark room hides secrets of a person’s past or the secrets the person hides. The use of motifs show how a person in the Salem society can challenge ones feeling to belong to the community. Jeannie Baker’s belonging it shows the difference between a community that doesn’t belong at the start and changes to become one. This is what the Salem society but the other way around. Salem community was one at the start and then changes and the Puritanical society starts to â€Å"crumble†. This can also ‘crumble’ a person’s understanding of a community and a person can either move towards the community or completely resist a community based on what the character believes in. Historical setting is used as a backdrop to explore the psyche and the values of the towns inhabitants. They believed, in short, that they held in their steady hands the candle that would light the world†. Miller used this to show what happened in the time of the witch hunt trials and compared it to his modern day society. This was important to Miller that he shows how his society was really like trying to place it back to the witch hunts trials. The forceful and confronting use of imagery such as â€Å"his eyes were like coals and his fingers claw my neck† stress the growing absence of any sense of communal belonging. This makes the reader feel what the character was feeling and how the character felt from their point of view. Proctor chooses not to belong to the Salem community by failing to conform to the Puritanical society. His refusal to name others reveals his humanity and his understanding of true communal belonging. â€Å"I have three children – how may I teach them to walk like men in the world, and I sold my friends? † Proctor is an independent thinker who resists the authoritarian demands of the Church leaders such as Reverend Parris who is dividing the community through his obsession with hell and the Devil: â€Å"I like not the smell of this ‘authority’†! The community was founded on obedience and compliance to the Church, so people like Proctor who question the authority and who has elected to live out of town, are regarded as threatening the cohesion and beliefs of Salem. True communal belonging can only be achieved through understanding, tolerance and compassion. Mob mentality unites the members of the community who are bitter, ambitious and jealous against those individuals who represent reason and integrity. Communal belonging can be restored by individuals with a strong sense of integrity, loyalty and compassion. Rebecca Nurse, more than any other character, exemplifies the ttitude and values that are essential for a strong, supportive community. From the beginning, she questions the presence of evil and witchcraft, and begs for common sense to prevail. She identifies the real cause of the hysteria and echoes Miller’s sentiments that it is our flaws that divide a community: â€Å"Let us rather blame ourselves † Her death shocks other members of the Salem community, such as Proctor and Giles, to challenge the actions of the girls and the court. Individuals have the power to destroy communal belonging when a community is weakened by self-interest, envy and the absence of trust. Several individuals in the play are responsible for the destruction of communal belonging in Salem, but they would not have had the power to achieve this if the unity of the community was not questionable. â€Å"Long-held hatreds of neighbours could now be openly expressed, and vengeance taken†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The pressure to belong and conform has the potential to threaten individuality and independent thought. Belonging to a community or a group is not always a positive thing. To maintain the cohesion, power and authority of the community or group, individuals could be forced to conform and suppress their individuality. Freedom and independence can become casualties of conformity. â€Å"A person is either with this court or he must be counted against it† Proctors individual spirit is further revealed through his high value of his name and reputation, which he holds in such high esteem that he equates them with his soul. When Abigail accuses his wife of witchcraft and all his attempts to prove her innocent fail, he puts his very soul and life on the line, admitting to lechery in an attempt to disprove Abigail. That the Puritan judges refuse to believe him shows the depth of their distrust of the individual. Proctor is eventually accused of wizardry, and is tempted with the possibility of innocence if he only admits his guilt. In conflict with his very nature, he begins to sign the confession, but refuses to hand it over to the authorities. His identity is in crisis, with the choice between dying like the honest man he wishes he were, and with living the life of a lying, lecherous sinner. His individual morality wins in the end, and he chooses to do what he sees as right despite the consequences. He tears his confession to shreds, declaring I think I see some goodness in John Proctor. Not enough to weave a banner with, but white enough to keep it from such dogs, as he goes to his death. His tragic end is an indication that Puritan society is not yet ready to completely abandon its traditions. Reverend Hale is another example of the Puritan shift towards individuality. Although he first enters Salem determined to seek out the Devil and crush him utterly if he has shown his face, he sees the injustice being done to those accused of witchcraft, ultimately denouncing the trials and even sacrificing his orthodox faith. Hale is a highly educated intellectual who applies reason even to the pursuit of Satan. It is natural, therefore, that he should see the glaring errors in logic at the Salem trials. He first resists his reasoning, but later cannot possibly fail to see that the trials are a sham. At the plays close, he tries to convince the condemned to confess to what he knows are lies, reasoning cleave to no faith when faith brings blood. It is a mistaken law that leads you to sacrifice Life is Gods most precious gift; no principle, however glorious, may justify the taking of it. Despite the eloquence of his pleas, the prisoners are not swayed, preferring to die honestly than to live a lie. Hales own change is readily apparent, however, as he turns from the blindness of faith to reason and an individual spirituality. He now embodies a more modern, liberal belief. Abigail Williams is a representation of the dangers of individuality. As is typical of teens, she is rebellious and unwilling to conform t o the standards of her community. She has also been prematurely thrust into independence by the deaths of her parents. Her immature individuality manifests itself as selfishness, greed, and egotism. The entire witch hysteria is a result of her self-serving lies and machinations. Her lying accusations of Proctors wife eventually lead to the condemnation of her lover, and she and another of the girls afflicted by witchcraft flee Salem by ship after stealing money belonging to Reverend Parris, her uncle. Throughout the study of The Crucible it has shown me that a person’s challenge to resist or embrace the thought of belonging to a society like Salem can change through the minds of a person